Unless you're a homesteader, a Sunbelt resident who eats only food from your local farmers market, or an extremely devout carnivore, you've almost certainly eaten lettuce from Yuma, Arizona, a city of 93,000 at the nexus of Arizona, California and Mexico. The Yuma area, including the Imperial Valley across the California border, produces
about 90 percent of all the leafy vegetables grown in the United States from November to March, when it's too cold to grow produce in most of the rest of the country.
If you're familiar with the geography of the American Southwest, you're probably scratching your head right now. Because Yuma is in the middle of the desert. It's probably most famous today as the sandy setting of the 2007 Western "3:10 To Yuma." So you may think Yuma looks something like this:
![proving grounds]()
Or this:
![yuma mesa]()
And you'd be partially right. Both of those photos were taken on the outskirts of Yuma -- the first in the middle of Yuma Proving Grounds, a military testing site, and the second on the eastern edge of the Yuma Mesa. However, Yuma also is on the eastern bank of the Colorado River -- a rich source of water and fertile soil for thousands of years. Over the past couple of years, the city has established a vast park along the riverfront, illustrating its heritage as a kind of oasis in the desert. Here's a view of the park from near the center of Yuma:
![colorado river park]()
The river -- along with almost constant sunshine, warm weather and ready access to a deep pool of skilled farm workers from across the border in Mexico -- has allowed Yuma to become one of the most productive agricultural regions in the country. Yuma farmers grow a host of crops: wheat, oranges, lemons, dates, alfalfa. But the crown jewel is lettuce.
![lettuce field closeup]()
Driving through the city in the winter, you pass countless fields of emerald green heads of lettuce.
![lettuce field]()
You even see the occasional field of red or white lettuce, destined, possibly, for a bag of spring mix.
![multicolor lettuce fields]()
If you've ever visited a lettuce farm in, say, the Hudson Valley of New York, it can be a little unsettling to see a huge field of lettuce in Yuma with palm trees and mountains in the background.
![palm trees lettuce]()
These fields stretch for miles to the east of Yuma, up the often-dry Gila River.
![scarecrow]()
Of course, it takes more than scarecrows to tend to this bountiful crop. Six days a week, about 45,000 farm laborers -- many of them legal guest workers who commute across the border into Yuma every day -- harvest, trim and pack lettuce in crews ranging from two to 30 people.
![harvesting]()
Here, a crew picks heads of iceberg lettuce on a field contracted to Dole, one of the biggest lettuce shippers in the region.
![lettuce harvesting]()
(This might be a good time to note that, although Yuma holds
the Guinness World Record for the sunniest place on earth, with sunshine an average of 91 percent of the time it could possibly shine, it happened to be cloudy on two of the three days when I visited.)
The laborers work through the fields, accompanied by workstations attached to trailers. Sometimes, as in the following picture, they'll work in teams of two, with one person (usually male) picking the heads of lettuce and then passing them to another person (often female), who trims them.
![romaine harvest]()
Here, four women cut heads of romaine down to usable size, wash them in chlorinated water and put them on a conveyor belt that loads them onto a truck.
![trimming romaine]()
Huge trucks stand at the ready to take lettuce away. At the height of the vegetable season, one grower told me, 1,000 trucks, each carrying about 1,000 boxes of produce destined for grocery stores and restaurants from Seattle to Miami,
leave Yuma every night.
![dole truck]()
Yuma only gets an average of three inches of rain a year -- and lettuce requires a lot more water than that to grow. So Yuma's farmers get almost all their water from the Colorado River, seen here 10 miles north of Yuma, with the picturesque Castle Dome in the distance.
![colorado river]()
In the lower left corner of this photo, a few metal bars mark the beginning of the Imperial Dam, the last of the great dams on the river, which was completed in 1938. At this point, water from the Colorado is sent in three directions. Some goes east to the Gila Valley, and some continues in the Colorado River down to Mexico. But the bulk is diverted into the All-American Canal, which supplies water to Yuma and the Imperial Valley. The bars in the picture are part of a structure that filters logs, trash and other large refuse out of water destined for the All-American Canal.
![trash screen]()
The water then passes through the main portion of the dam into a basin that removes silt, and then onward to the canal.
![imperial dam]()
In this photo, you can see the portion of the water, at left, that goes to Mexico, and the part, at right, that goes to the All-American Canal.
![diversion]()
Water from the All-American Canal is distributed to individual farms in Yuma through a vascular system of ever-smaller irrigation canals, which cut through the entire Yuma region.
![irrigation canal]()
Farmers submit orders for water to their local irrigation district. When it arrives, about three days later, they open gates of the small canals adjacent to their fields and allow water to run through the furrows between rows of lettuce, saturating the soil in the beds.
![diagonal]()
The farmers also sometimes hook pipes and electric pumps to the outlet of the canals to propel water into the air through sprinklers. Sprinklers are used to irrigate fields of seeds that are just starting to germinate, as well as those with beds too wide for furrow irrigation.
![sprinkler canal]()
A few miles west of Yuma, as the All-American Canal heads toward the Imperial Valley, it passes through the stunningly beautiful Algodones Dunes -- which stood in for the desert planet of Tatooine in "Return of the Jedi."
![all american canal dunes]()
Make no mistake: Were it not for irrigation canals like these, Yuma's farms wouldn't be nearly as productive as they are. This photo, taken in Dome Valley, east of downtown Yuma, shows the contrast between the high desert around Yuma and the fertile farms within it.
![long distance lettuce fields]()
Last weekend, the city of Yuma commemorated the crown jewel of its agricultural ecosystem with its 16th annual vegetable-themed festival, Lettuce Days.
![lettuce days sign]()
Thousands of people came to the University of Arizona's Yuma Agricultural Center, this year's venue, to attend panels on lettuce, taste delicious salads, listen to music and peruse souvenir stands.
![lettuce ave]()
The biggest booth was run by Dole, but a few smaller farmers also were selling their wares.
![farmers market]()
The next Lettuce Days isn't for a year. But there are still a few weeks left in Yuma's lettuce season, before the bulk of the production shifts to the cooler Salinas Valley in central California. So if you'd like to taste Yuma's bounty, all you have to do is visit your local grocery store and buy some lettuce.
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